International Journal of Collective Behavior

Neoclassical realism and contemporary India under BJP

2023-03-19T14:05:52+00:00

Neoclassical realism considers the domestic change of states in a connection to that of international anarchic order. It talks about the repercussions of domestic and international synergies. This paper describes how contemporary India is influenced by this approach under BJP government. In India, the emergence of Modi led to the greater changes in its domestic sphere while assuming the influence of changing global order. Since the international structure impact on the domestic decision-making process of India. Therefore, following the Hindutva fundamentals, India, under Modi government is progressing toward the institutionalization of its ideological and identical phase of developments. Thus, India is looking for better and balanced role in the international anarchic structure which matches its future synergies while equally responsive to the possible shifts in geostrategic, geo-economic and security policies.

Keywords: India, Politics, BJP, Neoclassical Realism, Hindutwa, Congress, Religious extremism, violence

Persian as a diaspora language in times of glocalization in Frankfurt am main

2023-03-19T14:45:53+00:00

Persian is one of the five languages in history, which produced about 5500 years of content without interruption along with Sanskrit, Mandarin, Greek and Latin. It is an Asian language, which was before the nation-state in a polycentric state and shares diverse varieties. Among these varieties one can identify the major three types of Khorasan-i, Hind-i and Iraq-i. The idea of nation-state is a totally Western one, which came up after the peace treaty of Westphalia of 1648 in contemporary Germany. In the case of Asia we had the three so-called gunpowder empires (16^th-18^th century), being the Ottoman-Empire, the Safavid-Empire and the Mughal-Empire. However, Persian was at the time of these three Empires its noble court language, lingua franca of science, poetry and literature, and the communication tool for traders. In times of migration, which should be called correctly Glocalization (global and local), languages or certain norms and values migrate as well with the people’s choice to leave their home. The Glocalization aims to approach important lifeworld topics like language or just religion grounded in its philosophy, which shapes everyone’s identity in a reciprocal way. Therefore, it is of importance to talk about Persian as an everyday diaspora language in times of Glocalization: West-Asia (Tehran) in connection with Western-Europe (Frankfurt am Main).

Keywords: Diaspora, Frankfurt Am Main, Persian, Transculturality, Urban, Iran

Determinants of maternal mortality in districts Jhang and Khanewal

2023-03-16T20:41:53+00:00

According to the WHO calculations, approximately 295000 women died globally in 2017 from maternal health causes, with which 94% of all maternal deaths occur in low and lower-middle-income countries. India, Nigeria, and Pakistan are at the top of the maternal and neonatal deaths list. The study determines the risk factors associated with maternal and neonatal health during pregnancy, which helps provide a better understanding to generate preventive measures to reduce the high rates of maternal mortality. For this purpose, data from the recently established maternal, newborn, and child health program in two Districts in Pakistan was used for the analysis. We used multinomial logistic regression to model the risk factors associated with maternal and neonatal health during pregnancy, such as swelling of feet, Anemia, fetal movements, vaginal bleeding, and white vaginal discharge in the last three months of pregnancy. Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA) was used to determine the optimal combinations that best explain the non-normalcy of the observed data. Results from CATPCA showed that 17 parameters in the model explained 96.6% variation of the data. Compared to the multinomial logit model, CATPCA provides a more transparent and precise picture of the risk factor associated with the health of pregnant women.

Keywords: Maternal health, Newborn and Child Health Program, Maternal mortality, Multinomial Logistic Regression, Categorical Principal Component Analysis.

Relevance of livestock for poverty graduation in rural areas of Balochistan-evidence from longitudinal study under EU funded BRACE program

2023-03-20T09:08:35+00:00

Poverty is a very serious global issue especially with reference to the under developed countries. Different initiatives re being taken by the governments and NGOs to deal with this issue. This research article examines the results of the longitudinal study - the Participatory Action Research on Dynamics of Household Poverty and Inclusive Development in Balochistan with a Focus on Women’s Empowerment – in three districts of Balochistan to highlight how interventions helped ultra-poor households to break out of the severe poverty circle. Apart from other interventions, availability of livestock can help the ultra-poor landless rural people, especially women, in graduating out of severe poverty, even in the face of conservative familial structures and limited economic activity. Lack of assets, especially for the female population of the province, have been identified as the main barriers for ultra-poor households in graduating to the next level of poverty.

Keywords: Poverty, Rural Area, Sustainable Development, Women Empowerment

Saudi Arabia and Iran rivalry – options for Pakistan

2023-03-20T09:21:24+00:00

Despite common region, religion and ample of resources, Saudi Arabia and Iran are in state of confrontation to competition for the leadership of the Muslim Uma. The country most concerned with the Saudi Arabia and Iran rivalry is Pakistan. Both states have their own importance for Pakistan. Iran being immediate neighbour while Saudi Arabia, a country always supported Pakistan in thick and thin. In past Pakistan had been very careful in dealing with the both. The policy makers in Pakistan remained very careful in order to devise policy towards Middle East because of the certain reasons. The rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia has long been portrayed as a sectarian struggle. In reality, there are a few more areas where the two countries are still competing. The relationship between Riyadh and Tehran may be examined through the lens of economic, political, and security dynamics, as a result of the two states struggle for regional hegemony and supremacy, which has driven the region into political and economic upheaval for the past four decades. The crises in Yemen, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq are notable examples of proxy conflicts in the Middle East waged by the two regional superpowers, with direct or indirect support from other key regional and global forces. The aim of this research paper is to examine the current developments in Pakistan’s bilateral ties with Iran and Saudi Arabia, address the impacts of ideologically driven proxies and look at the current regional situation in order to assess Pakistan’s options in dealing with the two states.

Key Words: Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Rivalry, Implications